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Abstract:

Dior Thompson interviews her Great Grandmother (84 year old, Earlene McCullough nee Beft) on how her life was growing up in time where segregation was prominent. Dior touches basis on where her family was born, what personal experiences she was exposed to, and the types of different radio stations that blacks and whites listened to separately. They talked about what it was like living in a time when Martin Luther king was alive, and what type of changes started to come about and her families part in the Great Migration. Earlene being the youngest of 8 never really experienced as much hate geared towards her like her other family did. * She will refer to her as Nana, at times during the interview” *

Research:

DT: "This is Dior Thompson & a Mrs.Earlene McCullough , who is 84 years old. It is 6:07 May 23rd"

DT: Nana?

EM: Yes?

DT: where were you born?

EM: Here, In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

DT: Okay and where was your mother's family born?

EM: My mother's was born in Wilmington, North Carolina.

DT: And where was your father's born ?

EM: In Goldsboro, North Carolina.

DT: When you were younger did you experience any type of segregation?

EM:Yes

DT: can you give me example?

EM:Once I visited my aunt in Coatesville, and as I was walking down Main Street, a person called me thee "N- Word"

DT: Was your family apart of the great migration living in North Carolina?

EM:was my family what?

DT: part of the great migration

EM: I guess so, I'm the youngest of eight Dior, So they did migrate from North Carolina into Philadelphia Pennsylvania , But I was born here

DT: where there any casualties in your family around that time?

EM: Any what?

DT: Casualties, like deaths?

EM:  Any tragic things?

DT: Yes

EM: Not that I remember. As, I said I was born here the others were born in North Carolina.

DT: Did they tell you of any things that happened to them? Can you tell me some of the things that happened to them?

EM: They did say that they had experienced some segregation, of course everybody did. At that particular time, that's why neighbor migrating up North for betterment.

DT:  were you ever directly involved in any raids or marches?

EM: No, it didn't happen?

DT: I know that the new Negro Network was established, it was like radio stations and stuff. Did you listen to segregated radio stations? Do you remember the names of any?

The same radio stations we always had were "KYW" I would say that one.

DT: Where did you live? What was your childhood like? Were you wealthy, well off? Did you live in an low income family?

EM: I didn't experience anything because, since I was the youngest, my family always found a way to provide for me okay. I was thee 8th child.

DT: when you were younger growing up, did you have any friends that were from a different race than you? Did you ever get that chance to have friends at a young age who were of a different race?

EM: When I was coming up, no, basically all my friends were all people of color.

DT: What was it like to live during the time of Martin Luther King?

EM:  I would say I had a pretty good life you know things were changing at that particular time. the change was coming at that particular time when Dr King born.

DT:  were you surprised when he was assassinated?

EM: I certainly was

DT: did you ever feel as if you would  live to see the first African American president?

EM: ..?

DT: Did you ever believe that you'd be able to see an African american president come into office?

EM: I guess yeah because that would be, I didn't know when but I'm sure that it was going to happen but I didn't know when of course.

DT:  did your mother or father ever tell you what their childhood was like?

EM: yes

DT: can you explain to me please?

EM:  my mother and my father live in the city of Wilmington North Carolina, in a house that they had there. Where they raised my siblings.  which was my other 7 sisters and brothers.  my father always worked , and my mother was always a domesticate. Domesticate , which meant she always stayed home and raised us children.

DT:  what is the  saddest event that you remember from that time?

* Tape Ends*

Abstract

The 81 year old Cleo Bell was interviewed by her great nephew Caleb Hughes. He asks her questions about the civil rights. She talks about the discrimination of schools and the work places. She also talks about the difference of living in tennessee and New York. She talks about self segregation. The self segregation is indirect.

Research

Segregation usually has to do with African Americans and other races during the jim crow era. It is mostly used with race. The schools were separated in the south as well as work. In the south they were still under jim crow laws. There was school separation in the north. It wasn’t as common as the south but there were elements of it.

Sources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States#In_the_South

Abstract

Hello, This is Tiffany Irick . Today, I will be providing you full audio by Myself interviewing Rite Brunton. This Audio is for a 4th quarter project Oral History. The question asked are to be answered by the interviewee to re-cap on any memories about the civil rights movement times. I had interview Rita in Her home. We figured it would be best. As our interviewee answers these questions she thinks about the things the african americans had to go through. Hope you enjoy the audio for the Oral history Project. She talked about the things that went on in her life as a young girl. She provided bits of information that she remembered.

Research-

My interviewee had said a couple of this that caught my eyes. One things she had said went something like this “ ….we played baseball with hispanics.” At that moment I looked back and wanted to research things about hispanics being around or in company with the blacks. So on the http://www.tolerance.org/latino-civil-rights-timeline link 1953 During "Operation Wetback" from 1953 and 1958, the U.S. Immigration Service arrests and deports more than 3.8 million Latin Americans. Many U.S. citizens are deported unfairly, including political activist Luisa Moreno and other community leaders.

1954 Hernandez v. Texas is the first post-WWII Latino civil rights case heard and decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. The Hernandez decision strikes down discrimination based on class and ethnic distinctions.

I found out that In the civil rights movement there wasn't just black people involved, there were other races like the latios involved trying to get freedom. There are two happenings dated in the link .

Abstract

My good friend Kia Holloway, tells about her experiences with dealing with racism during the sixties and how opinions on race have changed. She explains how most people dealt with race when she was a young child and how she would handle these types of situations now. She gives insight on the ideas and thoughts behind racism and how many African American felt and dealt with this discrimination.

Research

Many people were afraid to speak up against discrimination based on race. Scared either to be assaulted or thrown in jail. Many figures such as Martin Luther King Jr had difficulty finding people to stand up against these problems. King found ways to convince people to stand with him. He did so by both making speeches and by going to jail himself to prove that the cause was worth the punishment.

Sources

http://1960sracism.blogspot.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail

http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

Research: My research was based off of my interviewee response that today the world is still some what segregated. Research shows that other people think the world is still segregated today to it just not a visible or as direct as it was back then. People feel like segregation should not determine our future but all this change that we worked for in the past segregation still became our future people just found a “legal way to get around it.

Sources: http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/04/segregation-now/359813/

http://www.npr.org/2014/04/18/304194508/six-words-segregation-should-not-determine-our-future

http://dev.law.fsu.edu/journals/landuse/Vol141/seit.htm

Abstract:

Calvin  grew up in Philadelphia. As a child he didn't really experience any segregation or discrimination. In 2014, Calvin still believes that there is still some segregation and discrimination today. He believes that there is always going to be some segregation or discrimination but he will never give up on hope. He also believes that no matter how many years go by blacks will never be treated as an complete equal to a white  person.

Transcript:

Aaliyah Cooper (AC): Mr.Cooper, What do you remember about the Civil Rights Movement?

Calvin Cooper (CC):Well what i remember about the Civil Rights movement at the time, It was a big step for the blacks at this time because the black was really being mistreated ,We didn't have no equal rights or anything and the movement started an, umm how would i say it started  a whole new error for the black people for them to be able to be equal to the whites.

AC: Okay, and being so young, How did you cope with all the discrimination and segregation?

CC: Well basically during my time which was the 50s,i really didnt face a lot of discrimination because i wasn't born in the south, i always been a Philadelphia young man but i have heard about discrimination that the blacks were going through because my mother's people came from down south, Richman and North Carolina  and stuff like that and she would tell me about the struggles and discrimination that they couldn't use the bathroom, they couldn't ride the bus ,it was a whole lot but i never really had to deal with any of it.

AC: Do you know of any other leaders that don't really get talked about, but made a difference?

CC: Only one that never really got talked about and i can't really say particle one person was a leader,but the Black Panthers, they had a lot to do with the black movement too,but they never really got notice because they were always thought of as a militant group,but they did a lot for the blacks

AC: How was it growing up back then?

CC: umm,like i said it was okay growing up back then because i never really faced,um racial problems like the people,the blacks down south. I'm a philadelphian man and i never really faced that discrimination like that.

AC: Between now and then what are some things you wished have changed and what are some things that you wish haven't changed?

CC:  Well the only thing i wish that have changed that people say that we are equal to the white folks now but were not really we still have a long way to go, umm but the thing that i  would say, that i wish would change, i wish that the black people of this generation get a better chance at making their self, Mix in with the corporate world so they can start, you know,their own umm their own generation

AC: Okay and do you feel like in some ways the community is still segregated today,and if so can you tell me why you feel that way?

CC:Yes i do,i feel as though its still segregated in some areas and even in,even in philadelphia its segregation here even though it's hidden well but yes its  segregation still here, umm you won't see it because its not as dormit its not where you can see it but its there.

AC: Do you ever lose hope that things will get better?

CC:  No i never lose hope on that, things always getting better we have a black president

AC: Did you wish for anything during the Civil Rights movement , like did you wish that certain things didn't happen or,certain people survived things like that?

Abstract:

The women that Dashawn Inniss interviewed was his second cousin’s wife. Dashawn asked her around 12 question about her point of view during the Civil Right Movement and this is a short summary of what she stated. Coney McIntosh was born in Philadelphia and is currently 55 year old. She have many experiences in life because of the actions of segregation that affects many people in that time even though she was 7 at the time. Her parents were hard workers, her mother worked while her father tried to help with the movement by working with Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, and even the black panthers. The actions of her father cause her to be taken and placed in foster care from the age of 5 to 13. Being taken away made her both stronger and angry at the world for putting her through this mess. He moved from foster care to foster care until she was placed in this one household that treated and cared for her like their own child even though they were white and she was black. Over the years she kept pushing forward even though many others cursed her for her skin color, but she didn't care. Education was hard to get,but she got hers; because she kept fighting. Coney is a proud black woman that is proud of the changes such as being able to vote, share restaurants, and so on. She is also proud and happy for all the people that fought for her freedom such as Rosa Park, Eli Whitney, and many other people. Nevertheless, her mother and great grand mother were born in the South but migrated to the North. Her great grandmother was a slave, and her mother believed that Philadelphia is a better place to live. Coney hard a long hard life but believe it was all worth it because it’s all better now; she have children, grandchildren, and a good job all because of determination and change.

Research:

During the interview with Coney, she mentioned that her father worked with Martin Luther King with the movement and was part of the Black Panthers as well. She said her father went out each day to help and stand up for minorities because they were afraid or wasn't able to do it themselves. Although her dad went out to fight she was placed in foster care for this; the government made excuses to take her away stating not because of her father which was a lie.

Based on history, the Black Panthers was believed to be a rebellion organization similar to the KKK except they stood for black people.I say this because they had no problem using violence to be heard, and because they believed that Dr. Kings nonviolence movement wouldn't work and would take too long so they had to put this situation in their own hand. The Black Panther Party was created for Self-Defense by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to protect minority communities against the U.S. government. The BPP was inspired after the Black Power movement and U.S. politics. Black Panther Party became an icon of the counterculture of the 1960s. The Panthers had many interactions with to police/FBI such as protest, shootouts, and many other situations; now I understand why Coney had been taken away from her family based on her father's actions and involvement with the Black Panthers Party.

Coney’s Father was also involved with Martin Luther King’s movement. The movement was based on ensuring that the rights of all people are equally protected by the law, including the rights of minorities.This was created because the US was being hypocritical with it’s laws towards minorities. In order for their point to be heard and seen, thousands of people including Coney’s father marched, protest, and boycott for everyone in the US to be equal and live happily.

Abstract

Me, Jason Perez interviewer's my grandmother Candice on racial discrimination, the civil rights movement, race and racism of course, and the role race plays in our old and new society.

While you are listening to the interview and reading the transcription. You will find out and realize some good points made and well answered questions along with well asked questions. Basically what me and my interviewee talked about was racial discrimination and how has people’s view on race has changed and also the role race has played over the course of the last 50-60 years. I asked my interviewee questions like “has she ever faced or overcome racial discrimination, has her view on race changed and how race and racism affects or old and new society.” She answered the questions very well telling me things like “she has never faced or overcome racial discrimination, how she thinks that we all have come a long way with being racist and racism, even though we are not 100% and how racism and race still plays a big role in our society.” We mainly focused on discrimination and racism itself.

Abstract: Ileka Barker interviews her grandmother Betty Jane on the civil rights movement and life around that time. She explained the things she had to deal with in her every day life and how we are lucky that the world has shaped into how it is now, also she talked about Martin Luther during that time period. She was born in 1955 and around that time she was still in her teens. She said she did not experience anything, no one every targeted her or came at her in a negative way.

Research: Martin Luther King was born January 15 1929.As we know Martin had a long history of doing things for his community, later in 1955 he accepted to be the first leader of the negro nonviolent demonstration of contemporary times in the United states.After that he became like the national peace sign everyone came to him and believed in him as hope. He made a huge difference.

Link:

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html

Transcript interviewing Betty Jane

IB: Hi my name is Ileka Barker and I’m interviewing my grandmom todays date is may 18, 2014 and its 4:08 pm, I'm going to be interviewing my grandma about the civil rights movement and how it impacted her

BJ: Hello

IB: Hey ma ma

BJ: Hold on a minute sweetheart.

IB: Okay

BJ: hello

IB: Hey how are you ?

BJ: I’m good dear, how are you ?

IB: Yeah, I’m good, can I ask you some questions about the civil rights movement ?

BJ: Yeah I hope I can answer them sweety, wassup ?

IB: How old were you when the civil rights movement started ?

BJ: How old was I when the civil rights movement started.

IB: Yeah

BJ: umm, I was around 10 years old

IB: oh okay, so how was life around the time.

BJ: Life around that time well, umm. How can I say this we didnt have alot.

IB: Mhm

BJ: umm, my mom worked and everything ya know and like if she cooked you know umm. Like say for instance if we happened to have pork chops

IB: mhmm

BJ: If we were lucky enough to have pork chops it was one for everyone one of us that might have been in the house and we had to eat, things were lean, you know it was hard times.

IB: Yeah

BJ: It was hard times we didn’t have a whole lot of stuff you know, it’s almost like kind of now for a lot of people who is struggling, you know black people struggle.

IB: mhm

BJ: Black people struggle you know and if you, it was just rough.

IB: Did you, were you targeted, did people target you ?

BJ: Was I targeted ?

IB: Yeah, since you were so young ? You could see a lot of racism

BJ: No,no,no,no I never got targeted when I was young, no

IB: Okay

BJ: No I didn't get targeted, now I can say that about my mom, my mom was born in alabama and she came up here when she was a teenager but I don't remember anybody in my family ever saying they were targeted or anything. But umm when I was a little girl, you know.

IB: Mhm

BJ: My dad, I know I heard, you had to ride on the trolley cars.

IB: That’s when your mom was young ?BJ: Yeah we couldn't go, I was born but I was still little. You know certain neighborhoods couldn't go into the…

IB: Oh really ?

BJ: Like near Girard avenue they had like white, wherever it was white folks at they didn't want us blacks folks to be at.

IB: Yeah

BJ: You know stuff like that, Have you ever seen Documentaries on the Civil rights movement ?

IB: Yeah we’ve been watching alot in class recently

BJ: Well it was like that

IB: Oh wow

BJ: yeah it was like that, you know how and a lot of times I had holes in my shoes, cardboard in my shoes

IB: How was like school around that time

BJ: Well from what I can remeber you know school was okay and when I first started there was some white people in my school but I always remembered when I stopped seeing them because that was elementary school.

IB: Oh so they weren't there in like middle school and stuff

BJ: I hadn't seen any, I've got to look on my graduation picture from junior high school, I don't think it was no white kids in my class.

IB: Oh

BJ: I dont remeber no white kids being in my class in junior high but I don't remember any white kids being in my class in elementary and kindergarten and first grade because I went to, I don’t remember no white kids being in my classes.

IB: Oh really

BJ: It was so long ago, what you see in those documentaries it’s pretty much like that.

IB: Oh thats crazy.

BJ: I had grandparents who had a club and they made money like that and it seemed like it was the elderly people who had their own homes and stuff like that. My uncle worked for what is called septa now It used to be called the ttc back during the civil rights movement

IB: So like how much has the world changed since then ?

BJ: Huh ?

IB: How much has the world changed since then ?

BJ: It has changed an awful lot except for maybe like a lot of us are still disenfranchised

IB: Yeah

BJ: LIke it seems like sense are president has got elected it seems like racism has raise over head again. You know what I’m saying ?

IB: Yeah

BJ: Now I had people that have acted nasty towards me in stores you know the different lines in the late 70s early 80s and the civil rights movement was over with. You know Martin luther king had died.

IB: Wait so you was

BJ: They don’ t wanna wait on you or something, you know what I’m saying.

IB: Yeah, did you like ever meet him

BJ: Noo, uh uh

IB: He was alive during the time right.

BJ: He was alive, ya.

IB: ohh

BJ: I think he was assassinated in 68 I think

IB: ohh

BJ: I think he did I have to google it

IB: Okay, thank you mama for the answers.

BJ: You know when they bombed the church with the girls in it.

IB: Oh yeah, how old were you around that time ?

BJ: And, wait a minute that was around in early 60s .

Abstract:

In this interview Betty Jane talks about her life during the Civil rights movement and anything she can remember. She is African American and grew up in Philadelphia, she is currently 69 years old. She expressed in the video that it was a very hard time and they didn’t have that much to eat and that the world has changed a whole lot over time. She described her experience in direct with white people and she said she was not targeted but she can still see when you go somewhere and in older white people in their late 70s towards early 80s have attitudes.

Research:

In the video she talked a lot about Martin luther king and she also described what kind of shoes she used to wear. like for example one was a real shoe and the other was like a cardboard box. The civil rights of movements were a bunch of political movements for equality,we all know that AAM get had less so of course they didn’t have fancy clothes and such. She said she could remember hearing a lot about Martin Luther king and her family talking about him, he died in 1968 so she was about 23 years old at the time.

Sources:

-https://www.google.com/search?q=martin+luther+king&oq=martin+luther+king&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.4303j0j9&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8

-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)

NB: Hi my name is Nileka Barker and I’m interviewing my grandma. Today’s date is May 18th 2014 and it’s 4:08 pm. I’m going to be interviewing my grandma about the Civil rights Movement and how it impacted her.

The phone is ringing…..

BJ: Hello

NB: Hey mom-mom

BJ: hold on a minute sweetheart

NB: okay.

BJ: hello

NB: hey, how are you ?

BJ: I’m good dear how are you ?

NB: Yeah I’m good, can I ask you some questions about the Civil rights movement ?

BJ: Yeah I hope I can answer them for you, wassup

NB: okay um, how old were you when the Civil rights movement started ?

BJ: How old was I when the civil rights movement started ?

NB: Yeah

BJ: Um, I was around 10 years old

NB: oh okay, how was life around that time ?

BJ: Life around that time, well um how can i say this

um we didn’t have a whole lot

NB: mhm hmm

BJ: Um my mom worked and everything you know, and liked she cooked, and say for instance if she cooked and if we happened to have pork chops

NB: uh huh

BJ: We were lucky enough to have pork chops, it was one for everyone of us that might have been in the house and we had to eat…things were leen you know, it was hard times.

NB:yeah

BJ: It was hard times, we didn’t have a lot of stuff you know and it’’s almost kinda like it is now for a lot of people who is struggling, you know black people struggle

NB: uh huh

BJ: Black people struggle you know and if you.. it was just rough

NB: Did you, were you targeted, did people target you ?

BJ: Was I targeted ?

NB: yeah, since you were so young ? You could see a lot of racism

BJ: No, No, Nooo, I never got targeted when I was young. No

NB: okay

BJ: Noo I didn’t get targeted. Now uh I can’t say the same you know about my Mom because my mom was born in Alabama and she came up here when she was a teenager but I don’t remember nobody in my family ever saying they were targeted or anything but when I was a little girl

NB: Mhm huh

BJ: My dad, I know I heard that you had to ride on the trolley cars

NB: This was when your mom was young ?

BJ: Yeah we couldn’t go, I was born but I was real little. You know certain neighborhoods couldn’t go onto the ...

NB: Oh really ?

BJ: Like near Girard avenue they had like white, wherever it was white folks at they didn’t want us blacks folks to be at.

NB: yeah

BJ: Have you seen on Documentaries on the Civil rights movement ?

NB: yeah like we’ve been watching a lot in class recently.

BJ: Well it was like that

NB: Oh wow.

BJ: Yeah it was like that, you know and a lot of times I had holes in my shoes and they would put cardboard in my shoes

NB: How was school around that time

BJ: Well from what I can remember school was okay you know and when I first started school it was some white people in high school and I don’t remeber you know when I stopped seeing them because that was Elementary school

NB: Oh so they weren’t there in Middle school and stuff ?

BJ: I hadn’t seen any, I got to look on my graduation pictures from Jr. High school. I don’t think it was no white kids in my class.

NB: Ohh

BJ: I don’t remember no white kids being in my class in Jr. high school but, and I don’t remember in white kids being in my class in Elementary school, and kindergarten and first grade because I went to.. I don’t remember no white kids being in any of my classes.

NB: Oh really.

BJ: It was so long ago, what you see in them documentaries it’s pretty much like that

NB: Oh that’s crazy

BJ:I had grandparents that had a club and they made money like that and it seemed like it was the elderly people who owned homes and stuff like that and then my Uncle worked for what is called Septa right now it used to be called the TTC back during the Civil rights movement.

NB: So like how much has the world changed since then ?

BJ: Huh ?

NB: How much has the world changed since then ?

BJ: It has changed a awful lot except for maybe like a lot of us are still disenfranchised, you know what I’m saying ?

NB: yeah

BJ: Like it seems like since our president got elected it seems like racism has raised over head again, you know what I’m saying ?

NB: yeah

BJ: Now I had people that act nasty with me in stores you know different times in their mid 70s early 80s and the Civil right’s movement was over with. You know Martin Luther King had died

NB: Wait so you was

BJ: They don’t wanna wait on you or something, you know what I’m saying

NB: Yeah did you ever meet him

BJ: No, uh uh

NB: he was like alive during your time right ?

BJ: He was alive, yeah

NB: Ohh

BJ: I think he got assassinated in 68 i think

NB: Ohh

BJ: I think he did Ima have to Google that

NB: Thank you Mom-Mom for the answers

BJ: You know they bombed the church with girl in it

NB: Oh yeah, how old were you around that time

BJ: And, wait a minute. That was around in early 60s.

Abstract

In this interview my grandpa and I discuss what was happening during the 60’s and what he experienced in Philadelphia during the civil rights movement. It is hard for him to recall the exact dates and his exact age, but he has a vivid memory and remembers exact events. He provides info about other peoples feelings and what they experienced.

Research

The civil rights movement was an international series of political movements for equality before the law that reached a peak in the 1960’s. It often took the form of campaigns of civil resistance such as “The Montgomery Bus Boycott”. There were many civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. In this interview my grandfather references his experiences and the assassination of MLK and the feelings of people older than himself.

Sources

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movements_for_civil_rights

Abstract

During this interview, I, Goran Bernard interview my next door neighbor, Vivian Black. Mrs. Black describes her experiences during the civil rights movement and the privileges she experienced in her career bases however, her husband was not as lucky as she was. She grew up in Washington D.C. but then, because of her many different jobs, she was forced to move to Philadelphia to continue. “I worked first in the Navy yard, Navy department, VA department, umm… what was the other one ?....ummm… VA department, and the Pentagon! “ She also explains the fact that her husband faced a lot of segregation in Philadelphia. He was forced in different parts of the buses, yet he fought for his rights and kept his head high to prove that blacks were the same as whites, they are humans and they deserved the same rights as whites. Vivian Black also expressed her admiration towards Martin Luther King Jr. and how she went to two of his marches back in 1963. She expresses the fact that people from all over the world came to see him present his speeches and that she was very close to him when he spoke.

Research

Vivian Black, the person I interviewed spoke of many different job careers she had during the Civil Rights Movement. She also spoke of a man who went by the name of Martin Luther King Jr as well as her husband who faced a lot of segregation, especially on the buses. Whites, during the 1950s forced blacks to go to the back of the bus. Martin Luther King, however organized a boycott that changed the course of history. Whites would always intimidate blacks to get a rise of them, however Martin Luther King told them not to fight back physically, Nonviolence is absolute commitment to the way of love. Love is not emotional bash; it is not empty sentimentalism. It is the active outpouring of one's whole being into the being of another.

--Martin Luther King, Jr., 1957 He who passively accepts evil is as much involved in it as he who helps to perpetrate it. He who accepts evil without protesting against it is really cooperating with it.

--Martin Luther King, Jr. And many obliged. Dr. King was a man of great determination, He organized marches to unite everyone into one big community. On November 13, the Supreme court ruled that the bus  segregation was illegal. This ensured a great victory for the boycott and an advancement in African American history. Dr. King was a man with great guidance, during the bloody sunday march “Dr. Martin Luther King turned the marchers back around to go back to the church”, two days after that march, Dr. King “led a "symbolic" march to the bridge.” a march into equality.

Sources:

http://www.lib.lsu.edu/hum/mlk/srs216.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches

http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/al4.htm

Oral History

May 18, 2014

INTERVIEW WITH VIVIAN BLACK

GB: Where were you born?

GB: About the civil rights movement ?

VB: It wasn’t a movement, I was working in a segregated office in Washington DC, it was veteran’s administration. I grew up in my home in Washington DC I went to school in Washington DC, and I went to College in Howard University but I left because I wanted to go work (laughs) and got a job. During the summer they would hire students, from high school, different high schools to work for the Federal Government during the summer. We worked in the summer and went back to school in the Fall, so I was lucky enough to work during those summers and I worked first in the Navy yard, Navy department, VA department, umm… what was the other one ?....ummm… VA department, and the Pentagon! We get lost every day in the Pentagon, (laughs) because it was new to me, shaped like a pentagon, I’d get lost finding my office every morning, and the security, he wasn’t the security but the guard, he would show me where my office was every morning, (laughs), I was lost getting into the new building. But , before I came to Philadelphia, I worked for the Veteran’s administration. And I happened to come here because my job was transferred to the Philadelphia VA. I didn’t know anything about Philadelphia, during that time it was 1954! I did not know anything about Philadelphia, I would only come up to see the Lincoln games, I don’t know if that answers your questions
GB: That’s fine
VB: The Lincoln games and go back home on the bus. But I had a friend who introduced me to a friend here. Her friend whose aunt lived in Philadelphia, her aunt was a sister of a musician W.C. Handy (I don’t know if you have ever heard of him but he was great musician named W. C. Handy, and I stayed with his sister) her aunt. And that’s how I happened to come and with the work for the VA on the Wissahickon Avenue. That’s where I met my husband’s sister who worked at the VA, she introduced me to my husband. That was back in 1954-55.
GB: Well, hum, so, when you did come here, so there still was segregation and all that, so how did you deal with it?”
VB: the office I worked in and even in Washington, it wasn’t segregated. it was work with all nationalities at the VA. And worked together. There weren’t any problems at all.
GB: That’s pretty good, I mean during that time….
VB: Things were different, I heard Philadelphia was really segregated, back in the.. some time ago. My husband told me about things that happened in Philadelphia. But when I came it was everything.
GB: Do you remember anything he has faced ? your husband?
VB:”I’m sorry ?
Me: Do you remember anything your husband had faced during that time?
VB: Know he told me how the trolleys were segregated and they had to get forced I think it was to,I don’t know,  to… to board the buses, to make sure that everything was safe on the buses, I think it was that so to board the buses, ugh, ugh,the service man or something that board the buses to be sure that everything was safe, people riding the buses trolleys, if they weren’t trolleys,then they were buses, they weren’t trolleys… I don’t think they had any black people drove those buses, I think they were all white all that time, it wasn’t until later years that the segregation came about with Martin Luther King.
Do you remember any … ?!!
Martin Luther KIng, I went on both marches with him…. back in 63 and the one that came after that ten year later…
GB: You went on both marches??
VA: Yes!
GB: How were those?
VA: Okay! It was just, Oh, it was just wonderful, to see so many people to see so many from all over the world come for that march in DC, and I was lucky enough to sit right near where he was speaking, so I had an opportunity to almost look into his face, that’s how close I was, my husband and I , to watch him, to listen to his speeches, the other people who spoke…
That must have been quite an experience…
It’s something to remember and it was all because of him that things happened for our benefit. For All people, it wasn’t just working for us, for me, for anybody…
GA: Thank you.

Here is a VIDEO of W.C. HANDY:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGqBmlZR3dc

Abstract:

In this interview, Barbara Grant reflects on her experience growing up as a young, female African American in Philadelphia, PA. She discusses how she suffered with racial discrimination all her childhood years living in a predominantly white neighborhood, like high school and going to public places with her parents. Barbara Grant speaks on protest and sit ins she participated in during the 1960s in Philadelphia.  She talks about famous Civil Rights Leaders and their impact on the black community. Grant also expresses her fear as a child of White Supremacy. Lastly, she presents the concept of how racism is still present in today’s time, but is just concealed.  

Research:

During the Civil Rights Movement, the White Supremacy was very present. The White Supremacy, were groups that believed they were superior to other racial backgrounds and went to violent measures to keep themselves superior. White Supremacy was also known as white power. When the Civil Rights Movement was taking place civil rights activist and segregationist were head to head like never before. Many whites thought the City Councils weren’t doing enough to keep segregation, so they took it into their own hands. In the beginning of 1963, a group by the name of Ku Klux Klan (KKK) came into play. Their goal was to keep whites in charge and to terrorize black people with violence.  The KKK harmed anyone who was black or was trying to stop segregation. The KKK used all methods of violence to enforce their authority in the South like lynchings, tar-and- feathering, and rapes. One example, of their violent acts was the bombing at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham,  Alabama where four young girls were killed.

Sources:

<http://soaw.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=482> <http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-civil-rights.html>

<http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/mississippi/e1.html.

<http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/ideology/ku-klux-klan>

Transcript

Interview with BARBARA GRANT 14 MAY 2014 5:00 p.m.

Place: At Barbara Grant’s Home

Interviewer: Moesha Grant (MG)

Interviewee: Barbara Grant Age (BG), 56

MG: Today is May 14, 2014 and it is 5:00 p.m. I am interviewing Barbara Grant. So, Barbara. . . . What do you remember from your childhood between the time period of when you were born till’ 1965? What was going on during that time?

BG: Umm…. I was born in 1958 in the City of Philadelphia. Umm.. when I was born the Civil Rights Movement was going on equal rights. Umm.. when  I really could understand was in the period of 1964. In the period of 1964,my parents were telling me different places we couldn’t go why there were so much hatred. And I remember seeing marches from to Washington on the TV why they were protesting because we deserved equal rights. I remember umm.. Rosa Park umm.. sitting.

MG: What do you remember about Rosa Parks and the other leaders that were in the Civil Rights Movement?

BG: I remember when they said told Rosa Parks that she couldn’t sit in front of the bus and I asked my parents that’s not fair. Somebody is tired they should be able to sit where they want to sit, but they said because of the separation between white and black. Umm.. there were places  umm. What I remember about her when she came on the bus and protest. And I thought that wasn’t fair that she should have been able to sit where she want to sit, but understanding that…. white people had to sit in front. They came first and blacks in the back. And it’s just like they didn’t want us to umm.. eat in the same restaurants as white people. Umm.. we had to take the back entrance going places. Umm.. I also, remember umm...  Martin Luther King when he started going, walking to Washington and when they were fighting for equal rights. And when he was talking about you know that we should all be equal as one and the dream he had of one day umm.. we would all be equal. Umm…..Rosa

MG: Did you think whites considered themselves better than blacks during that time?

BG: Yes I do, umm….. yes they did. They considered they were better than us. More educated, had more job opportunities than we had. We were always the last the way at everything. You know getting jobs umm… where everybody like wasn’t equal and ways. The way they thought, they thought they were better than any other race. And as we go into 1965, it started to go from, Martin Luther King umm.. marched for peace. They were violent. They became violent people. Umm.. putting hoses on us, umm..  where they didn’t want us. The  Ku Klux Klan showing the hanging of us. The different umm.. things they would do to us if we came into their neighborhoods and the burning down of the houses and stuff. That frightened me because I thought maybe that would… I didn’t know if it was going on in Philadelphia or not. I know it was going on in the South because my parents both come from the South. My mother especially and especially it was going on near South Carolina. Umm..

MG: Did you think that, that era needed to happen in order for blacks to come up in society of how they are now?

BG: Yes, because that made us umm… better people we strived for more things. Umm.. to prove our point that we were not ignorant people because whites always said that we were ignorant people and we needed to go back to Africa. We didn’t.. all of us didn’t come from Africa. Africa maybe our heritage, but I was not born in Africa, so a white person telling me to go to Africa. Go back to Africa is not where I was born. Umm... I was born in the United States, so I didn’t think that... that was right. But as of now seeing where things have gone we have come a long ways. In which, that movement happened to push us. Even though, today in society we still have prejudice. We still have White American Corporation, but there we are still striving. We still need our young people to strive more to head off where we started a path, so Martin Luther King’s Dream has not died it’s still going forward.

MG: Have you had any experiences like you may not remember the Civil Rights Era, but in general of racism with discrimination or anything like that?

BG: Yes, umm.. I have umm.. We moved to a predominantly  white neighborhood in 1969, which my father wanted me to have a better education.  We moved to Montgomery County and which it was like 10% Black and 90% White. So umm... we had sit ins because they wanted to keep us separated from each other. They really didn’t want us in their schools or to ride their school buses, so even though it was now 1969 and I was going to high school it was... still hard during racial.. And I have experienced with sit ins, where we protested.  You know against that we should be treated. You know it was even in the lunchrooms. Umm… they didn’t like umm.. going, you know getting the same trays. You know calling us “niggers.” At one time, we did get into a fight, which we didn’t like the “n- word.”  Even to society today, they still use the “n-word” and umm... without the protest and Martin Luther King and all the other great ones that walked. That did the march and protested and fought for our rights. I don’t think black people would be where they’re at today, so were still continue on fighting.        

MG: So, do you remember… the Black Panthers during that time?

BG: Yes, I do.

MG: What do you know about them?

BG: Umm... they were umm.. motivated. Like they as I can remember they were a group of people that had they own set of rules. Umm... they wanted to take over and they became the Islamic umm… Movement. So, the Black Panthers were like a group of people that were against a lot of things that Martin Luther King was saying. They figured that we could get things better done with violence and still Martin Luther King was walking  for nonviolence. So, they fought against that you know. They figured that they can do things a lot better.

MG: So, do you think racism is still present in today’s era and time?

BG: Yes, I do(2x), They still have places in the South where  umm..black people can’t drink from water fountains or black people can’t sit. It’s more umm… in today’s society. They try to hide it, but it’s still there. It’s even in our basketball courts umm... You know it’s still here in America… still racial going on. Even  predominant whites are now mixed with blacks, but they still say that they should be with their own race and black women still say that you know that black men should be with their race. But it seems to have a change.

MG: Do you think that change was for the better?

BG: Somewhat, umm… I still think that it puts a gap between blacks and whites, where I think that umm.. As a society today, that when the basketball players, football players, etc. start making money they think that they should have a white woman in their life, instead of a black woman. I don’t think that’s fair because… we are equal. There’s no because you're making money now doesn’t mean that oh.. you can’t have a black wife you know. So, society.. they think that society looks at them better by them making money and have a white woman, instead of a black woman. You know, so that’s I don’t think that that’s right.   

MG: Thank you I’ve appreciated interviewing you.

BG: Thank you very much!

MG: I love your input!  

Abstract

In this interview Mr.Herbert Steinberg is asked about his life and his experiances and knowledge of segregation. He goes into depth about his life and service in the Air Force, and how he boxed in there. He lived in both the South and the North during his life. This interview talks mainly about my fathers life in the air force, it provides a look at a subject that is not really touched upon in history lessons.

Research

My research was on the topic of discrimination/segregation in the Air Force and Armed Forces, since that's all he talked about. Segregation was not that big of a deal in the armed forces, it was an everyday thing even though in 1948 President Harry S. Truman's executive order directing the military services to enforce "equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons ... without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.". They always went by the separate but equal rule which meant they were legally free, but not in any other way. After about 5 years of suffering through trying to get their own rights, they got what African-American deserved, 95% of African American in the services were in integrated troops.

http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1998/July%201998/0798color.aspx

http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/WW2/US%20apartheid.htm

http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/desegregation/large/index.php?action=chronology

Abstract:

Nicholas Clark, great uncle was interviewed by him. This interview was about segregation and how racism was so bad back then. He was talking about he was affected because he was Hispanic so not many people accepted his kind. He also said that it was a very hard time period for his family. Sometimes when he would speak he would shed tears because if how depressing life was in the 50’s and 60’s.

Research:

The main topic that I found interesting was about the black panthers and the KKK. The reason why I found this interesting is because it seems like they would have a lot of troubles with each other. This is the reason why I wanna learn more about them. I also wanna know the difference between the two organizations. Black Panthers were created because of oppression and inequality. KKK was created because of racism. The KKK and the black panthers were kinda similar in many ways but the way that stood out the most was racism they did not like it and always were looking for a way to stop it even if they had to kill people. The KKK also killed many African Americans because they were not as important as others.

Sources:

• http://www.studymode.com/essays/Black-Panthers-Vs-Kkk-190356.html

• http://inamerica.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/12/a-kinder-gentler-ku-klux-klan-we-do-not-hate-anyone-imperial-wizard-says/

• http://fellowshipoftheminds.com/2013/08/22/new-black-panthers-call-for-killing-of-all-white-people/

Transcript

Interview with my hispanic uncle Jose Toledo, About his experience on segregation and racism. Thursday, May 23, 2014 at 3:27pm.    

NC: Alright. Where were you born?

JT:  Arecibo Puerto Rico 1952.

NC: What did you think about the life you had as a kid?

JT:  Poor!

NC: You were poor!

NC: Ahh, What was your least favorite part about like 1960?

JT: 1960’s or the 50’s?

NC: 60’s and 50’s whatever.

JT: It was pretty rough it was hard to get a apartment with my mother because they didn't particularly care for minorities. No matter what you were you could be black, and even a poor white, or even hispanics. They knew you said your name was Toledo or in spanish Rivera Sanchez. They were always refusing you so you were forced to live in slum areas even though we can pay the rent. Thats how they use to treat people those days.

NC: Ugh, Ummmmm

JT:  And still to this day I’ll take you to texas and you can find places like that. Where they hord the minorities into a certain area.  

NC:  Ahh, What did you think about the black panthers?

JT: They were just another organization, but they were not really violent, nothing like the K.K.K. which is your next question.

NC: Yeah

JT:  They were more violent because they use to lynch people. The black panthers maybe got into 3 or 2 little scuffles, maybe 1 shooting but they were always frowned upon by the FBI in those days you know. Mr Hoover head of the FBI use to just spy on them but the KKK use to just run rapid in the South be lynching people intimidating people and now theres I use to go down the south by Virginia I use to run into situations like that, they wouldn't let us into restaurants you know..

NC: Alright.

JT: Because my mother was a dark complexion.

NC: Alright, Ahh did you go to a segregated school?

JT: Actually no I went to a private school I had the brains as they would say I went to a private catholic school. Mostly Italians, and there was maybe about 20 hispanics and about 4-5 blacks.

NC: Ahhh, How was like the racism back then?

JT: Ahh horrible if you wanna say because you couldn't get even if you had the education they wouldn't give you the job… Ok and even if you had the money you couldn’t get into a place to go eat especially in the south. North people were a little for tolerant but they would always be races behind the back. ohh yeah yeah yeah but then they would be turning around talking about you.

NC: Ahhh, How were like you treated during segregation?

JT: Just like any other minority even though I look caucasian but as soon as I said my name was Jose there faces changed and you notice then when you you know I was remember when i went with my priest took us on a little road trip to go canoeing because we were altar boys. They wouldn't let us canoe because the guy found out we were all hispanics and the gut turned around and said “ no I don't take your kind so we had to get back in the bus and go back home. It happened to me 3 or 4 times that way. We went down to D.C and couldn’t even get into a bathroom, we stopped at a diner and couldn't even get in. There were a couple of altar boys that traveled in our group even though they were latin american, they were black african americans. My friend Johnny Complanist who was a police officer he was treated really bad because he was dark skin.

NC: Alright, was it dangerous during segregation?

JT: YES! if you go to the wrong neighborhood or get stuck in the wrong neighborhood you could be a couple of cars following you with chains and bats.

NC: Dang.

JT: and they would be yelling at you they would be hollering at you get out of my neighborhood nigga. Anybody that wasn't there kind was always called that even if they were hispanic.

NC:  Was this a hard time for your family members too?

JT: YEAH! it was my mother got into an apartment complex and a small apartment complex and ahh the owner thought he could take advantage of her and try to rape her and we called the cops and the cops didn't do nothing.

NC: Really?

JT: Yeah after we beat the guy up too my brother and I beat him up and he said im gonna call the cops and I said call the cops and he called the cops and the cops came in and said it is basically a hit and there is no proof. Ahh my mother's word was nothing for that and this happened in Camden they tried to rape my mother.

NC: Thats crazy!

JT: Yup well thats how racism is. You know you go to the south and you run into the same situation and then people say the supreme court says there is no racism because they abolished the voting rights law and as soon as they abolish the voting rights law what do the states do they voted ID so that means its gonna cost you money to get voter ID no saturday or sunday votings no early voting its killing us we just wanna go back to the fifties which is never gonna work cause the the white people are dying off I hate to say it that way but thats the way it happens you know your generation is smarter because you can hang out without getting in trouble.

NC: Thank you for this interesting information!

JT: No problem.

Abstract

My grandma reflects on her experiences during segregation as a “ Black” African American  who was born down the south ( Virginia ). She begins by giving a great answer and describing what it was like during the 1950, if she felt safe during that time, and everything she said connect on how whites were back in the 1950’s. My grandma knew that it wasn’t going to be living down south but she said that “ I know that something good is going to come and the end”.

Research

Back in Virginia segregation was a huge thing.Segregation is separation of humans into racial groups in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, using a public toilet, attending school, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home. Jim Crow laws was the main reason that there was segregation. When Martin Luther King “I have a dream” speech to a crowd of over 250,00 people at the Lincoln memorial during the march of Washington. Mr.King called an end to Segregation.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States

• http://find.galegroup.com/gic/infomark.do?&idigest=fb720fd31d9036c1ed2d1f3a0500fcc2&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=GIC&docId=CX2831400031&source=gale&userGroupName=itsbtrial&version=1.0

• http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/segregated-america.html

Transcript

Segregation Interview with Girlene Harris

By Imani Harris

ME:What was it like in the 1950’s in Virginia?

GM:As a child me growing up, it was – we couldn’t go to the places white folks went to. It was certain place we couldn’t eat. We had different places to go to the movies. The whites had their section, we had another section. It was – mostly what the black folk could do was work in the white man’s kitchen or in the fields.  Ah, we had our own churches. They had theirs. You know you didn’t mingle nowhere with them.  Like hear now everyone go to the ball game together – you didn’t go to no games or nothing with them and mostly they called you nigger.  We went to school there was a white school and a black school. They had the better buses and they ride by us and called us niggers. We walked to school.

ME:How old were you during this time?

GM:I was born in 1940, so in the 50’s I was in my early teens – 1940 to 1950 I was ten – I was in my early teens.

ME:How did you feel about segregation?

GM:It – segregation- it didn’t bother me because it never segregated our school or anything until after I grew up.  I was mostly out of school when they combined us –you know they started really going – (pause).  When I graduated from school, I graduated in 1960, and the whites and blacks still wasn’t going to school together. I think they started 2-3 years after but ah and the simple reason is – I’m up here- I left home was you really couldn’t find a job down there doing nothing unless it was working in a white man’s kitchen or if you work in a restaurant you had to work in the kitchen.  You know and all it was still segregation even though Martin Luther king was trying to break it, the civil rights was going through but it was still that you knew it was still segregation down there cause the way white folks treated you. You couldn’t go to a store and you couldn’t get waited on because you were black and they watched, they looked at you liked hey. And it’s still going on down there in some parts. You know they still prejudice, there’s a little town called Bowling Green down there that just as prejudice as they could be, if you bat your eye when you going through you’ll lose it but their still prejudice.

ME:How did you manage to keep a cool temper with the white’s doing that?

GM:My parent they had a lot to do with it. My mother and fathers was, we were sharecroppers. It’s like a whole lot of people don’t know what sharecrop is, that’s when you ah rent the land from the white man and cause you didn’t have no land you rent from the white man and he got the best portion of the money you made off the crops – that’s sharecropping and we were like that that’s how we were raised and brought up. And momma and daddy had an even temper, you know you got mad, you didn’t fly off the handle and get a gun and shot them. You, ah, was still in Jim Crow they would hang you in a minute. You had an even temper, you knew your place.  

ME:How did you get an education?

GM:I went to a public school. We had public schools down there, ah.  I went to public school from the first grade to the twelfth grade.  I graduated from union High School.  I started out in a little school, a two room school called Central Point, two rooms.  It was from prepemial to seventh grade.  Then I went to fill from seventh grade to the eighth grade and then you went to High School. It wasn’t know, I wasn’t knox middle school. It was elementary and high school and I started in ninth grade in union High School and I graduated from Union High School in 1990, sorry 1960.  

ME:How was the education? Was it bad? Was the books all ripped and trashy?

GM:No, we had good books.

ME:Compared to the whites?

GM:Compared to the whites, not really. Some of us didn’t know the differences. We had a book. One thing about it when they started to talk about integrating down there our schools, they built the black kids brand new schools for not to let the white kids come. We got brand new schools and it went on for years. Then they put us all together but we didn’t have white teachers. We had all black teachers. We had good teachers.

ME:Did you feel safe?

GM:Very safe – we didn’t have the fighting. We had no cop in the schools, no police, no nothing in the school, like it is here. Even tempered, we had good teachers. They thought a lot of kid and you felt safe around where I lived at, cause we live in the country it wasn’t to many of us.  

ME:Did you hear about the students, Little Rock Nine? The nine black students that went to an all-white school?

GM:Down south further down south yeah I heard about it. I didn’t like it.

ME:You didn’t like the way they were treated?

GM:Naw, I did like the way they were treated. And I remember the ah boycotting of the, when they sat at the lunch counter. Can’t think that. But Little Rock Arkansas stood in the door. That did, it wasn’t right because everyone is entitled to an education. Black or White.

Abstract

Tilda Elias, a 70 years old, Puerto Rican lady, recalls some of her memories about the time of the 1960’s. She’s shared with me many of the aspects in which life was difficult for the Hispanic community during this time. Mrs. Elias points out that while attention was focused on blacks and whites achieving equality, the Hispanic community was also struggling to obtain equality in this country. Aspects such as education, learning a new language, work and labor were some of the many obstacles the Latino community had to overcome during this time. She talked about how she was teased in school because she didn't know the language, and how she had to drop out of school, get a job, and support her family.This interview was originally in Spanish but it was translated to English by Idamis Torres.

Research

Throughout the 1960s, about 900,000 Latinos were facing unequal rights in the United States. In terms of education, in 1963,Miami’s Coral Way Elementary School, offered the nation’s first bilingual program in public schools. It was not until 1965, that more than 50,000 Hispanics received a job contract in the United States, this was the result of a boycott organized by grape growers. During the 1960s hispanics made their fight for equality even more visible, modeling their actions in the successful African American struggle for civil rights. After the huge impact the civil rights movement had in the Hispanic community, the 1970s were more successful years. In 1972, another essential right was given to the Latino community, the opportunity to register and vote. Today, there’s approximately 38.8 million Hispanics in the United States, the largest and fastest growing minority.

The facts included in the previous paragraph, mostly coincide with the story told by my interviewee. The time of the 1960s was a rough one for the Latino community, but the situation has improved over the years. Mrs. Elias pointed out two of the most important issues during the interview, which were education and work opportunities. Today, being the largest population of immigrants in the United States, Hispanics enjoy of these without any exception. I can conclude that in a way, we've all come across equality.

http://hushcivilrights.tumblr.com/post/409451928/1960s-civil-rights-for-latinos (education, labor, and language issues)

http://knightpoliticalreporting.syr.edu/?civilhistoryessays=a-civil-rights-history-latinohispanic-americans (statistics, organizations that helped Hispanic community)

http://www.tolerance.org/latino-civil-rights-timeline (Latino civil rights timeline)